NYMC Faculty Publications

The Current Understanding of the Molecular Pathogenesis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Author Type(s)

Student, Faculty

DOI

10.3390/ijms26104646

Journal Title

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

5-1-2025

Department

Otolaryngology

Second Department

Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology

Keywords

biomarkers, papillary thyroid cancer, recurrence, thyroid

Disciplines

Medicine and Health Sciences

Abstract

The thyroid is a vital endocrine organ that regulates metabolism, heart rate, respiration, digestion, body temperature, brain development, skin and bone maintenance, and reproduction and fertility. Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with an estimate of 44,020 new cases in 2025. Incidence has been increasing, most notably at 4–5% per year in young adults. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common TC subtype, accounts for approximately 80% of newly diagnosed TC cases. Furthermore, 2290 deaths are expected from the disease in 2025, with survival at over 98% with treatment. However, as PTC occurs most frequently in young women, recurrences are frequent and the 10-year disease-specific survival rate for advanced PTC is less than 50%. This narrative review aims to describe the current understanding of the thyroid gland, the incidence and subtypes of thyroid cancer, and specifically the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and recurrence of PTC. This is supplemented by the role of molecular pathways and biomarkers in PTC.

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